Objective seriousness
The court looks at what happened: harm caused, planning, weapons, breach of trust, vulnerability of victims, value of property, level of violence and role in the offending.
Subjective factors
Personal circumstances can matter: age, health, mental health, addiction, trauma, employment, family responsibilities, prior good character and prospects of rehabilitation.
Early plea
An early guilty plea can show utilitarian value and may reduce sentence. The timing and rules differ between jurisdictions, so the decision should be informed by advice.
Remorse and rehabilitation
Courts may consider genuine remorse and steps taken after the offence: counselling, treatment, restitution, education, employment stability and reduced risk of reoffending.
Character references
Good references are specific, honest and acknowledge the charge. A vague reference that ignores the allegation may carry little weight.
History note
Australian sentencing has inherited common law ideas but is now heavily shaped by legislation. Mandatory minimums, guideline judgments and statutory purposes can affect outcomes.